Geographical Discoveries

outstanding geographical discoveries a popular term geographical discoveries made at the turn of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, in particular circumnavigation blanket of skinny Hope by Diaz (1488), the find of the States by capital of Ohio (1492), and then the conquest, trip Vasco da Gama to India (1498) and the first trip around the world, Magellan (1519-1522). These events triggered a progress voyages of discovery and contributed to a significant widening of the geographical horizon of Europeans. communique of Christopher ColumbusRulers of Spain, they cognize that they begin to lose the distance to Portugal, which definitely poke out the quantity organized transits. that so far Spain was busy conflict with the Arabs, who defended her at the last stronghold Grenada. When in 1492 the Saracens were expelled from the Iberian peninsula, Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to pay the travel, which presented them with a description of the Genoese Christopher Columbus. T he traveler asked the first king of Portugal. Presented a plan aimed at shipping on the wolfram and in conformity with the map of Ptolemy, after crossing the Atlantic to reach Asia.However, not met with favor. With the very(prenominal) plan, asked the king of Spain. Under the agreement, written by Columbus from the royal orthodontic braces Columbus was appointed for heart full admiral, governor and viceroy of the newly sight lands. 1 / 10 of income from the newly ascertained land was to belong to Columbus, the remainder of the royal treasury. In return, Columbus obligationd to cover 1 / 8 the personify of the expedition. The rest covered the royal couple. And the expedition of Christopher Columbus (1492-1493) The expedition curry sail on August 3, 1492 from the port of Palos de la Frontera.The first fix up of the trip were previously find the prowler Islands, then Columbus sailed on the 28 parallel to the westmost. The man, consisting of about 90 people after 3 week s of shipping began to rebel, when it dour out that you can not see land. 29. 09. Columbus in his diary wrote that it was rebellion. 11. 10. Columbus erected ultimatum if within 24 hours will not see the land has coherent outflow. Fortunately for Kolumba12 October after three months of the expedition, when the inbuilt crew of the ship was already tired and actually threatened Columbuss death, JuanRodriguez Bermejo see the crows nest land. The expedition landed on the island probably Watling (called Guanahani by the Indians), a small island group of the Bahamas. In the natives pointed gold ornaments. Interviewed about their origin indicated the guardianship to the south. Judging from this that lies to the north of the mainland, Columbus chose a new course to the southwest. Indians called the islands inhabitants. October 28 Columbus arrived in Cuba, then on December 6 prove another island of Haiti / Hispaniola and the smaller islands, which he called Isabella and Fernandina in honor of the royal couple. consequently there was a crisis in late January and February turned out that the admiral ship sank and the Santa Maria, Columbus ordered the return to their homeland. In March 1493, both ships returned to Palos. Second expedition of Christopher Columbus (1493 1494) September 25, 1493, the expedition set discharge another. This eon the expedition better equipped, numbering more ships (about 15, the number of crew about 1750). The expedition lasted 1. 5 years. This time, Columbus chose a more southern route, and thus reached land in the area of ?? the Lesser Antilles.Subsequently discovered the island of Dominica, Marie Galante, Guadeloupe, Antigua and Puerto Rico. Nov. 22 Columbus arrived in Haiti again, to see that the people left there, no one survived. How domyslono, all perished in the struggle with the natives. In the longer journey Columbus sailed along the southern shore of Cuba and discovered Jamaica. However, the arrogant gggaaaTymczasem speak to Columbus alienated a large part of his crew. Discouraged many hardships and wish of legendary riches separated themselves from the trip and started searching on your own.Others returned to Spain, choking many complaints on Columbus. Influenced by the enemies of Columbus postulated to take privileges give to him earlier, and in his place appointed royal governor of the newly discovered lands. In this situation, Columbus on March 19 headed back to Spain, where he arrived June 11. At the court managed to clear himself of the charges against him, obtained a confirmation of earlier privileges and the promise of organizing the next, the third expedition. Third expedition of Christopher Columbus (1498 1500) other, already the third expedition took place in 1498 on her organization had to wait so much, because it failed to richly restore confidence in what it darzono. In fact, only during this expedition, Christopher Columbus byword the mainland. It was South America, but that s when fate turned away from Columbus. Columbus autocratic favor of his people, in particular his son Diego. She came to the undoubted frustration at the lack of major economic successes and difficulties expeditions in relations with the natives. Just as during the jiffy expedition, news arrived of the problems to the crown.Meanwhile, it was decided to act more decisively. In June 1500 sent to the west of Francis Bobadilla, which were endowed with wide powers of attorney. subsequently reviewing the situation in Haiti, he ordered arrest of Columbus and his son, and shackled to send them to Spain. At the Columbus put again managed to clear themselves of charges and return to the graces of the royal pair. The result was a twenty-five percent and last expedition of Columbus to America. IV expedition of Christopher Columbus (1502 -1504) whitethorn 9, 1502 flotilla of four ships and 150 crew company Columbus went west again.This time the situation was urgent. In the slowdown, Vasco da Gama discovered the route to India around the African continent. Columbus urgently needed was a success proving that the road to the west is shorter, more comfortable and safer. Columbuss intention was to find the transition to water, which eventually took him to tow India. He expected to go to the west of Cuba. There was headed in his expedition. flow rate in this direction reached the soarings of Honduras and the Mosquito bound on the east coast of Nicaragua.There, the natives wise to(p) about the rich kingdoms (whitethornan civilization, and perhaps even the Inca Empire) and the ample sea (Pacific naval), which lies unless west, but despite strenuous attempts failed to find a water passage to the reservoir. Having lost two of the four ships, resigned to return to Cuba, then to Jamaica. There he was forced to settle the remaining ships aground. Materials originating in the damaged ships were used for the saying of fortified settlements. One of the companions of Colum bus, Diego Mendez, the Indian boats set off for help survivors.But it was only after months wandering managed to get to Haiti, where he brought help. In the meantime Columbus was disadvantageously ill and in such condition were transported him to Spain, where he arrived November 25, 1504. Summary of accomplishments of Christopher Columbus Given what Columbus has to say that the end of his life was tragic. After returning from the expedition moved to fourth place Vailadolid seriously ill, and having almost the status of a beggar. He died on May 20, 1506 was actually not dealing that he discovered America.He was convinced that came to Japan, to China, to India, and the mainland, which he saw during the third expedition he considered the biblical paradise. Meanwhile, the Portuguese and Spaniards, and realized that Columbus did not reach India, and discovered a new land. Another version of the last years of his life of Columbus presents a kabbalistic manuscript of Puri, according to w hich Columbus had died many years later and placid take one-fifth trip to the West Indies. The authenticity of this source is given, however, questioned by most scholars Ferdinand Magellan (port. Fernao de Magalhaes, Spanish.Fernando de Magallanes, born. In the spring of 1480, as amended. April 27, 1521) Portuguese sailor in the service of the Spanish maritime explorer and adventurer. He called the Pacific Ocean (Pacific). September 20, 1519 set out from Portugal by the western, or by the Atlantic Ocean to the Spice Islands in the Malay Archipelago. The expedition, which sailed on a lower floor his command as the first circumnavigated the Earth. He died on April 27 killed by the inhabitants of the island of Mactan in the Philippine Archipelago Christopher Columbus (born 25 August or 31 October 1451 in Genoa (Italy) died.May 20, 1506 in Valladolid, cat Cristofor Colom, owned by Cristoforo Colombo, Spanish. Cristobal Colon) European sailor and semivowel master (probably Catala n by recent discoveries), captain of the expedition, which flowed on the three ships Santa Maria, Nina and Pinta under the flag of Castile in search of the western sea route to India, as the first in the history of geographical discoveries of modern beat tropic Atlantic Ocean and 12 October 1492 reached the West Indies (Antilles ) off the coast of America the continent at that time unknown in Europe.Was appointed as admiral and made the first governor of the Spanish colonies in commutation America, the organizer and master of four transatlantic discovery expeditions from Spain to America. Diaz used the discovery of Vasco da Gama. In 1497 another expedition was launched. Da Gama sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and headed towards Asia. Docked in the port of Calicut in India. Returned to the realm in 1499 along with a large cargo of gold and spices. The country welcomed him enthusiastically. maritime route to India became a reality.No wonder that the success of this expedition had a big impact naorganizowanie next. Henry the Navigator Portugal at least because of its stead lent itself perfectly to the base for ocean expeditions. Despite the advantages of geographical lieu odegralaby probably not such a role in the great geographical discoveries, if not enthusiasm and dedication to Prince Henry (1394-1460) Henry called Sailor. After the conquest by the Portuguese in 1415 On the Moroccan coast Ceutry Henry was convinced that further expansion in Africa will let great benefits.Counting on profits from trading gold, slaves, ivory, and pepper. With his support along the western coast of Cape Sangres organized a sort of entropybase fellowship with the research center, where he collected all the geographical and navigational data and worked on the construction of sailing ships. For seventy years the Portuguese sailing ships were moving farther and farther south along the African coast, attain successive headlands Nun, Bojador, Blanco and 1445 Green Cape.Du ring these expeditions the Portuguese discovered and colonized offshore islands and archipelagos Madeira, the Canary Islands, Cape Verde. They assumed a fortified factories on the coast. And as it turned out that gold is less in Africa than they hoped, they took a more paying procedere, the slave trade. EXPEDITIONS WYPRARY PORTUGUESE -Henry the Navigator Azores, Canary Islands, Cape Verde, crossed the equator in 1471r. , -Bartholomew Diaz 1488r . Busz Cape (Cape of Good Hope), Vasco da Gamma the road to India along the coast of Africa (1497-1498), SPANISH EXPEDITION Christopher Columbus the discovery of America (12. 10. 1942r), Hispaniola (Haiti), Cuba and others (1492), Lesser Antilles, the Coast of Central America and South America (1493-1503) -Amerigo Vespucci realized that America is a new continent (from his name, name) -Ferdinand Magellan (1519-1522) circumnavigation of the Earth (Magellan Strait, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Borneo) died in 1521r. In the Philippines, an expedition Sebastian del Cano finished Francis Drake (English) and the circumnavigation of South America (the world)CIVILIZATIONS AND SOUTH CENTRAL AMERICA Maya V w. n. e. The beginnings of civilization in the areas of Central America (Yucatan plw. ) with its capital in Majapan preservation -Wypaleniskowa (incandescent), -Grown beans, wheat, -Craft, art, the pyramid -Religion based on the sun-god cults, rites human sacrifice -Totalitarian power, absolute, transmissible -The principal adviser to the ruler the high priest -Did not know the wheel or arc -Calendar (365 days divided into 18 months) -Developed astronomy -Know the time (to understand this concept) decimal system Were aware of the layout of digits The Aztecs The thirteenth atomic number 6 the beginnings of civilization in the areas of Mexico today, with its capital in Tenochtitlan -Developed economy -Grown tomatoes, cotton, deep brown -Money cocoa beans or golden sand -Tools more advanced than the Mayans -Const ruction the temples -Ruler chosen from among the administrative units -Bloody rituals, worship of the sun 1489 250 thousand were killed. people as victims of ritual, such as skinned, pulling beating hearts -Took over the Mayan calendarIncas Fifteenth degree Celsius origins of civilization in the areas of Peru -Cult of the sun and moon -A highly developed economy, -Machu Picchu, -Crafts (ornaments of gold) -Totalitarian state, absolute power -The interests of the subordinated interests of the state -Residents could not travel to other parts of the country Courier-Mail (16 thousand. Km of roads) Knotted-letter -Developed surgery and herbal medicine, hypnosis 1519r. Hispanic Cortez Aztec civilization znieszczenie XVI the goal of the Incas Izarro